Sign In
Learn bits
Health & Medicine, Index & Reports
Mahesh

15/04/24 09:56 AM IST

India’s hepatitis burden

In News
  • According to the World Health Organisation’s (WHO’s) Global Hepatitis Report 2024, India has among the highest burdens of viral hepatitis — tied with tuberculosis (TB) as the second largest infectious killer globally — in the world.
About Hepatitis
  • There are five hepatitis viruses that cause liver disease in humans.
  • Hepatitis A and E are transmitted through contaminated food and water, and result in weeks-long symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of skin), dark urine, and pale stools.
  • The WHO report, however, pertains to the blood-borne hepatitis B (hep B) and hepatitis C (hep C) viruses. Some of these viruses may result in a short-term infections which resolve on their own.
  • But others can lead to chronic life-long disease, cause cirrhosis (permanent scarring of the liver, making it less efficient), and increase the risk of liver cancer.
  • Hep B can be prevented by vaccination, while hep C can be cured with medication.
  • The report does not consider hepatitis D that can only infect those who are already infected with hep B.
  • It can thus be prevented by vaccinating against hep B.
  • Viral hepatitis can be transmitted through contaminated blood transfusions, or through contaminated needles.
  • Almost 90% of hep B cases in India are transmitted from mother to child, because most blood banks now provide safe blood, and needle-stick transmission in healthcare workers is limited because almost everyone is vaccinated.
Major findings about India
  • India has the world’s second highest prevalence of viral hepatitis cases, accounting for over 11% of the global burden, the report found.
  • Globally, of the 254 million people living with hep B in 2022, India accounted for 29 million cases, second only to China (79 million cases).
  • Of the 50 million people living with hep C in the world, India accounted for 5.5 million cases, just behind Pakistan’s 8.8 million cases.
  • The diagnosis of viral hepatitis also remained abysmally low. According to the report, only 2.4% hep B cases and about 28% hep C cases were diagnosed.
Challenges
  • All newborns will have to be fully vaccinated against hep B.
  • Adults who have not been immunised should also be given the shot. And all those who are diagnosed with the infection should be put on treatment.
  • The hep B vaccine was rolled out for children in 2007-08, under the government’s universal immunisation programme. But a 2019 study found that its coverage varied between 41% and 62%
  • The 2018 National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme also makes provisions for vaccination of people at high risk of contracting hep B, such as healthcare workers.
  • The treatment for hep B is done by specialists according to an international guideline.
  • The problem is that the parameters mentioned in the guideline for initiating treatment exclude seven to eight of the 10 people who are diagnosed with the infection.
  • There is a need to adopt a ‘treat all’ approach just like we have done for HIV — meaning anyone diagnosed with the condition should be offered treatment immediately.
  • The available treatment can cure hep C, and has a good efficacy of 80% to 90%. Unlike hep B, for which medicines have to be taken for life, the treatment for hep C goes on for a shorter duration [12 to 24 weeks].
Govt. Initiatives
  • Globally, treatment coverage for TB was estimated to be around 70% in 2022, but the coverage for hep B and C was only 3% and 20% respectively.
  • In India, the numbers of deaths due to viral hepatitis aren’t comparable to TB, which killed an estimated 3.31 lakh people in 2022, but the disparity in treatment coverage remained stark.
  • The report found that none of the diagnosed patients received treatment for hep B, while just 21% received treatment for hep C. In comparison, 95% of those diagnosed with TB in India were put on therapy.
  • Shortage of drugs is not the problem. According to the report, India has among the cheapest drugs and diagnostics available.
  • For example, the cost of a rapid diagnostic test for hep B in India, at $0.09, was the lowest among the countries that reported the figure.
  • Similarly, the cost of a rapid diagnostic test for hep C was only $0.21 in India, again the lowest among countries that reported the figure.
  • In India, the TDF treatment for hep B is also available for lower than the global benchmark price of $ 2.40 per month.
  • Moreover, a 12-week course to cure hep C, for which the global benchmark price is $60, is available for cheaper in India.
  • In fact, several Indian drug makers manufacture generic versions of these medicines.
Source- Indian Express

More Related Current Affairs View All

21 Sep

India Achieves Tier 1 Status in Global Cybersecurity Index 2024

' India has secured Tier 1 status in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024, published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).' The GCI is a comprehensive assessm

Read More

21 Sep

A new White Revolution

'Operation Flood, launched in 1970, ushered in the White Revolution and transformed the dairy sector in India.' Dairy cooperatives procured 660 lakh kg of milk per day in 2023-2

Read More

21 Sep

Changes in Canada’s international work permit system

'Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced changes to the country’s international work permit system, aiming to reduce the number of immigrant workers in Canada.'

Read More

India’s First Ai-Driven Magazine Generator

Generate Your Custom Current Affairs Magazine using our AI in just 3 steps