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11/10/24 09:31 AM IST

Tools to design proteins, predict structure win 2024 chemistry Nobel

In News
  • The 2024 Nobel Prize for chemistry was jointly awarded to David Baker for his work on computational protein design and to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for developing technologies to predict the structure of proteins.
Importance of proteins
  • The chemistry prize concerns two areas in the field of protein research: design and structure.
  • All life (as we know it) requires proteins and all proteins are made of amino acids.
  • While there are many types of amino acids in nature, only 20 of them in different combinations make up all the proteins in the human body and in most life-forms.
  • Amino acids are found in tissues — like muscles, skin, and hair — that provide structural support; they’re catalysts in biochemical reactions; move molecules like oxygen across biological membranes; control muscle contraction that lets us move around and have our hearts beat;  and help cells communicate with each other to perform their tasks.
Alphafold
  • Hassabis co-founded DeepMind in 2010 and which Google acquired in 2014.
  • Here, Hassabis and his colleagues unveiled AlphaFold in 2018.
  • AlphaFold is a deep-learning model able to predict the structures of almost all proteins after training on the set of known structures.
  • DeepMind launched its successor AlphaFold 2 in 2020, when it was able to predict the structure of proteins with an accuracy comparable to that of X-ray crystallography.
  • Jumper led the work on AlphaFold 3, which DeepMind released in May 2024.
  • This model is able to predict the structures of various proteins as well as how two proteins and/or a protein and another molecule might interact.
Protein Design
  • Baker, who received the other half of this year’s chemistry Nobel Prize, developed tools that scientists use to design new proteins with specific shapes and functions.
  • His first notable work was in 2003, when he led a team to create a novel protein and determined its structure using a bespoke computer program they had developed in 1999 called ‘Rosetta’.
  • The researchers compared Rosetta’s output with that obtained from X-ray crystallography studies and found them to be remarkably similar.
  • According to the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, “Rosetta was designed to be a general program both for protein structure prediction and design, and it has continuously been developed since its inception, with a large cadre of users and co-developers.”
  • The ability to design proteins has far-reaching implications.
  • For example, in 2022, Baker’s team developed an antiviral nasal spray to treat COVID-19.
  • At its heart were proteins the team designed using computational methods in the laboratory to stick to vulnerable sites on the viral surface and target the spike protein.
Source- The Hindu

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